Peripheral and central retinal vascular changes in asymptomatic family members of patients with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the peripheral vascular changes and effects of these on macular microvasculature in asymptomatic family members of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) patients. METHODS: This is a retrospective study including 61 eyes of asymptomatic family members of FEVR patients. Retinal abnormalities were assessed via ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWF-FA) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). The eyes were grouped into 3: the first group comprised of eyes with normal findings on UWF-FA; the second group comprised of eyes with abnormal findings on UWF-FA but without any retinal ischemia; and the third group involved eyes with retinal ischemia or neovascularization. RESULTS: Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 in all eyes. Forty eyes (65.6%) had abnormalities on UWF-FA. The most common feature was peripheral vascular looping, increased tortuosity, and anastomosis (63.9%). ODM/ODD ratio was higher in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2. Deep foveal VD was lower in group 1 compared to groups 2 and 3. The mean FAZ area and perimeter were smaller in groups 2 and 3 compared to group 1. CONCLUSION: Even asymptomatic family members of FEVR patients may have significant peripheral retinal vascular abnormalities which may be associated with smaller optic disc, macular ectopia, and macular microvascular changes.

Iontophoresis Corneal Cross-linking With Oxygen Supplementation in Ovine Eyes.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the biomechanical changes and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) production after different corneal cross-linking (CXL) protocols with or without oxygen supplementation. METHODS: Ovine eyes in the study were equally distributed to five groups as control, standard Dresden protocol, diluted alcohol- and iontophoresis-assisted CXL (DAI-CXL), and 0.1% and 0.2% riboflavin-mediated iontophoresis-assisted CXL with oxygen supplementation (I-CXL). Corneas that received CXL were divided into two equal parts, one part was used for uniaxial tensiometry and one part was used for AOPP measurement. RESULTS: All treatment groups showed higher Young's modulus and stiffness compared to the control group (P < .05). Both oxygen-assisted I-CXL groups with 0.1% and 0.2% riboflavin concentrations had higher corneal Young's modulus (P = .009 and .006, respectively) and stiffness (P = .009) values, whereas the DAI-CXL group had lesser Young's modulus and stiffness values (P = .032) compared to the Dresden protocol group. All treatment groups showed higher AOPP concentrations compared to the control group (P < .05). DAI-CXL and I-CXL groups showed similar AOPP formation compared to the Dresden protocol (P = .673). CONCLUSIONS: When the epithelium is intact, the desired increase in corneal stiffness might not be achieved. However, increasing the oxygen in the environment might provide a sufficient increase in stiffness in cases undergoing epitheliumon I-CXL, which might be promising in terms of shortening the CXL therapy and decreasing the complications. [J Refract Surg. 2022;38(10):674-681.].

Case Report: A Human Case of Onchocerca lupi Mimicking Nodular Scleritis.

We report a case of human ocular onchocerciasis by zoonotic Onchocerca lupi presenting as nodular scleritis. Molecular analyses were used to confirm diagnosis at species level. In addition to few existing reports of human infection by O. lupi in Turkey, this case further suggests that the pathogen might be more common than previously reported, thus requiring further attention and investigations.

Singlet oxygen formation during accelerated and hyperaccelerated corneal cross-linking: in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the singlet oxygen (1O2) production of oxygen assisted %0.1 riboflavin and ultraviolet-A (UVA) crosslinking therapy (with and without oxygen assistance), in combination with standard, accelerated and hyper-accelerated procedures via an important quantitive marker of 1O2 which is the photo-oxidation of 1,3 diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF). METHODS: %0.1 riboflavin-containing wells were irradiated with UVA light (365-nm wavelength) with or without 2-4-6-8 L/min oxygen flow assistance. Measurements of decrease in absorbance of DPBF were made in 30 mW (hyper-accelerated), 9 mW (accelerated), and 3 mW UV-A (standard) applications, and with additional 2-4-6-8 L/min oxygen flow in 30 mW and 2 L/min oxygen flow in 9 mW. A total of 8 different UV-A irradiance with and without oxygen supplementation groups were formed. RESULTS: 2 L/min oxygen assisted accelerated UV-A irradiance group has shown a greater decrease in DPBF absorbance compared to Dresden protocol. (p = 0.014) Also, Dresden protocol has shown a greater decrease in DPBF compared to all groups except accelerated crosslinking with 2 L/min oxygen. (p < 0.001) Oxygen assisted hyper-accelerated crosslinking groups were showed greater reduction in DPBF absorbance compared to standard crosslinking without oxygen groups. (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Oxygen supplementation may increase the singlet oxygen generation to the similar levels of Dresden Protocol's in accelerated group. Also, more singlet oxygen generation with oxygen supplementation compared to standard UV-A application might be considered to be promising in terms of shortening the crosslinking therapy.

Iontophoresis-Assisted Rose Bengal and Green Light Corneal Cross-Linking.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of the application of iontophoresis-assisted rose bengal and green light cross-linking (I-RGX) therapy on enucleated rabbit eyes for corneal biomechanical parameters, dye diffusion rates, and green light levels reaching deep tissues and to compare these parameters with a standard rose bengal and green light cross-linking (RGX) therapy. METHOD: Forty-five enucleated rabbit eyes were used in this study. To evaluate biomechanical changes, corneas were divided into the following 4 groups: the control group, the 0.1% rose bengal application group, the RGX group (100 J/cm), and the I-RGX group (100 J/cm). After this, corneal strips were evaluated with a uniaxial extensometer. To assess corneal dye diffusion, postprocedure dye depth was recorded with anterior segment optic coherence tomography. The amount of irradiation passing through the cornea during irradiation with 250 mW/cm irradiation power was measured with a laser power meter at the first, third, and seventh minutes. RESULTS: In the I-RGX-treated group especially, the mean elastic modulus and corneal stiffness values were about 4.7 times higher when compared with the controls and about 2.2 times higher than those in the RGX group. The rose bengal diffusion depth was 26.63% ± 3.84% of the total corneal thickness in the rose bengal drop group, but this value increased to 42.22% ± 4.77% in the iontophoresis group (<0.001). After iontophoresis, an average of 98% of the 100 J/cm green light was kept in the cornea. CONCLUSIONS: I-RGX is a very useful method for increasing corneal biomechanical strength and is highly effective in increasing the amount of corneal dye diffusion into the cornea while also minimalizing the amount of laser passage reaching deeper tissues.